secarik mitha

Focal vocabulary is a specialized set of terms and distinctions that is particularly important to a certain group: those with a particular focus of experience or activity. A lexicon, or vocabulary, is a language's dictionary: its set of names for things, events, and ideas. Some linguists believe that lexicon influences people's perception of things, the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. For example, the Nuer of Sudan have an elaborate vocabulary to describe cattle. The Nuer have dozens of names for cattle because of the cattle's particular histories, economies, and environments^{[clarification needed]}. This kind of comparison has elicited some linguistic controversy, as with the number of "Eskimo words for snow". English speakers with relevant specialised knowledge can also display elaborate and precise vocabularies for snow and cattle when the need arises.^[4][5]

During its infancy, a child instinctively builds a vocabulary. Infants imitate words that they hear and then associate those words with objects and actions. This is the listening vocabulary. The speaking vocabulary follows, as a child's thoughts become more reliant on his/her ability to self-express without relying on gestures or babbling. Once thereading and writing vocabularies start to develop, through questions and education, the child starts to discover the anomalies and irregularities of language.

In first grade, a child who can read learns about twice as many words as one who cannot. Generally, this gap does not narrow later. This results in a wide range of vocabulary by age five or six, when an English-speaking child will have learned about 1500 words.^[6]

After leaving school, vocabulary growth reaches a plateau^{[clarification needed]}. People usually then expand their vocabularies by e.g. reading, playing word games, and by participating in vocabulary-related programs. Exposure to traditional print media teaches correct spelling and vocabulary, while exposure to text messaging leads to more relaxed word acceptability constraints.^[7]

Native speakers' vocabularies vary widely within a language, and are especially dependent on the level of the speaker's education. A 1995 study shows that junior-high students would be able to recognize the meanings of about 10,000–12,000 words, whereas for college students this number grows up to about 12,000–17,000 and for elderly adults up to about 17,000 or more.^[10]

The knowledge of the words deriving from the 3000 most frequent English word families and the 5000 most frequent words provides a comprehension of 95% of word use,^[11]and knowledge of 5000 word families is necessary for 99.9% word coverage.^{[citation needed]}

Learning vocabulary is one of the first steps in learning a second language, but a learner never finishes vocabulary acquisition. Whether in one's native language or a second language, the acquisition of new vocabulary is an ongoing process. There are many techniques which help one acquire new vocabulary.

Although memorization can be seen as tedious or boring, associating one word in the native language with the corresponding word in the second language until memorized is considered one of the best methods of vocabulary acquisition. By the time students reach adulthood, they generally have gathered a number of personalized memorization methods. Although many argue that memorization does not typically require the complex cognitive processing that increases retention (Sagarra & Alba, 2006),^[12] it does typically require a large amount of repetition, and spaced repetition with flashcards is an established method for memorization, particularly used for vocabulary acquisition in computer-assisted language learning. Other methods typically require more time and longer to recall.

Some words cannot be easily linked through association or other methods. When a word in the second language is phonologically or visually similar to a word in the native language, one often assumes they also share similar meanings. Though this is frequently the case, it is not always true. When faced with a false friend, memorization and repetition are the keys to mastery. If a second language learner relies solely on word associations to learn new vocabulary, that person will have a very difficult time mastering false friends. When large amounts of vocabulary must be acquired in a limited amount of time, when the learner needs to recall information quickly, when words represent abstract concepts or are difficult to picture in a mental image, or when discriminating between false friends, rote memorization is the method to use. A neural network model of novel word learning across orthographies, accounting for L1-specific memorization abilities of L2-learners has recently been introduced (Hadzibeganovic & Cannas, 2009).^[13]

One useful method of building vocabulary in a second language is the keyword method. If time is available or one wants to emphasize a few key words, one can create mnemonic devices or word associations. Although these strategies tend to take longer to implement and may take longer in recollection, they create new or unusual connections that can increase retention. The keyword method requires deeper cognitive processing, thus increasing the likelihood of retention (Sagarra & Alba, 2006).^[12] This method uses fits within Paivio's (1986)^[14] dual coding theory because it uses both verbal and image memory systems. However, this method is best for words that represent concrete and imageable things. Abstract concepts or words that do not bring a distinct image to mind are difficult to associate. In addition, studies have shown that associative vocabulary learning is more successful with younger students (Sagarra & Alba, 2006).^[12] Older students tend to rely less on creating word associations to remember vocabulary.

Several word lists have been developed to provide people with a limited vocabulary either for the purpose of rapid language proficiency or for effective communication. These include Basic English (850 words), Special English (1500 words) and Oxford 3000. The Swadesh list was made for investigation in Linguistics.

Adakah Kumpulan Kosakata Bahasa Inggris tentang Kegiatan / aktifitas sehari-hari? Jawabannya pasti banyak karena di sini menyediakan kosakata bahasa Inggris kegiatan sehari-hari dan terjemahan (artinya) ke dalam bahasa Indonesia.

Kegiatan / aktifitas sehari-hari dalam bahasa Inggris disebut daily activities / daily routines pasti sangat berguna untuk menceritakan tentang kegiatan kita sehari-hari dalam bahasa Inggris. Jika kita tidak mempunyai kosakata bahasa Inggris yang cukup, alangkah baiknya jika kita mencoba memperkaya / menambah kosakata bahasa Inggris (vocabulary) kita dengan melakukan cara sederhana menambah kosakata bahasa Inggris (baca: 7 cara memperkaya kosakata bahasa Inggris)

Lalu, apa sajakah kosakata aktifitas sehari-hari itu? Pasti jawabannya sangat relatif karena setiap orang sudah barang tentu memiliki perbedaan latar belakang sehingga kegiatan sehari-hari dari berbagai manusia bisa sangat bermacam-macam. Untuk itu, di sini saya hanya memberikan beberapa kosakata bahasa Inggris yang sering dikerjakan oleh orang luar negeri, baik itu kosakata "yang" benar-benar di lakukan sehari-hari di dalam rumah, di saat kerja, kegiatan rutin mingguan dan bahkan kegiatan rutin lainnya.

Contoh Teks Daily Activities (kegiatan sehari-hari di rumah)

What are some of the daily activities that you do at home?

(Apa kegiatan sehari-hari yang sering anda lakukan di rumah?)

I wake up at 7am every morning.  I press the snooze button five times every morning before I turn off the alarm and get up. I have a cup of coffee and make breakfast. I usually read the newspaper while I have breakfast. My children like tohave a shower after they have breakfast but I like to have a shower before I get dressed.  My wife brushes her long hair, and I have short hair so I comb my hair.

It is important to brush your teeth, and some women like to put make-up on.   After I have finished work, I go home to cook dinner. In my house I usually make dinner.The family eat dinner together at 7:30pm.

After dinner I make sure that my children do their homework, and then I watch television.  On television I usually watch the News. My wife usually comes to tell me to take the rubbish out, or wash the dishes.  Our children feed the dog and the catbefore they go to bed and I tell them to go to the bathroom too. If I am sick I have to take my medication, but then I get into my pyjamas and set the alarm so I wake up in the morning. The last things I do is lock the door, turn off the lights, and go to bed.

Vocabulary :

Wake up : bangun tidur

Press the snooze botton: tekan tombol snooze (tidur sebentar)

Turn off the alarm : mematikan alarm

Get up : bangun (dari tempat tidur)

Have a cup of coffee : menikmati kopi

Make breakfast : membuat sarapan pagi

Read the newspaper : membaca koran

Have breakfast : sarapan pagi

Have a shower : mandi

Get dressed : berpakaian

Brush one's hair : keramas

Comb one's hair : menyisir rambut

Brush one's teeth : menggosok gigi

Put make-up on : berias, dandan

Go home : pulang

Cook dinner : memasak makan malam

Make dinner : makan malam

Do one's homework : mengerjakan PR

Watch Television : menonton TV

Watch the News : nonton berita

Take the rubbish out : membuang sampah

Wash the dishes : mencuci piring (kotor)

Feed the dog and cat : memberi makan anjing dan kucing

Go to bed : (Siap-siap) tidur

Go to the bathroom : Pergi ke kamar mandi

Take one's medication : Minum obat

Get into one's pyjamas : memakai baju tidur

Set the alarm : mengatur waktu alarm

Lock the door : mengunci pintu

Turn off the lights : mematikan lampu

What are some daily activities that you do at work?

I go to work at 8.45am every morning. I usually drive to work. I always check my emails when I get to work, but I don't always reply to them immediately.  I take a taxi or a train if I have a lunch meeting. I never take the bus because it is too slow. When I am at my desk I usually work on the computer, even during morning tea. At 1pm most days I have lunch. At 3pm we have afternoon tea, and that is when we usually talk and eat cake.

When you are in the office you probably have a lot of papers. It is important for you tofile your papers, and so that you can find them again you need to organise your files.When I work I have to make telephone calls. If an important issue happens I ask my secretary to organise a meeting. Once a month I report to my boss, but maybe you have to report to your boss more often. I usually write a document that my boss can read.

Vocabulary

go to work : pergi bekerja

drive to work : mengendarai (mobil) ke tempat kerja

check one's email : memeriksa email (surat elektronik)

reply : menjawab

take a taxi : naik taksi

take a train : naik kereta api

lunch meeting : pertemuan di siang hari

take the bus : naik bis

work on the computer : "komputeran"

morning tea : waktu istirahat pagi (untuk sekedar minum kopi.)

have lunch : makan siang

afternoon tea : waktu istirahat sore

file one's paper : menyimpan arsip

organize one's files : menata arsip-arsip

make telephone calls : menelepon

organize a meeting : mengatur pertemuan

report to one's boss : melaporkan pada pimpinan

write a document : menulis dokumen

What are some other daily activities that you do?

I exercise at least three times a week. I usually go to the gym before work, but sometimes I go after work.

I meditate every morning so that I feel less stressed during the day.

Vocabulary

Exercise : berolah raga

Meditate : meditasi